While both sides have outlined proposals for a peace treaty in 1998 and again in 2019, any hope for an agreement over the Kuril Islands was dashed following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

By forcing a topic to be discussed through consultations whenever a NATO member state feels threatened, Article 4 opens the door for diplomacy, during which decisions can be made that prevent NATO from being pulled into a conflict.

Pakistan, the world’s fifth most populous country, is facing the devastating effects of global warming, but with most parts of the world choosing to ignore the disaster.

The right to life is embodied in international, domestic and regional documents. It protects the right of an individual to be free from arbitrary deprivation of life. However, the term 'arbitrary' ensures us that the right to life is not absolute and can be derogated from.

Throughout the summer of 2022, the military regime in Mali took a series of steps under the influence of Russia to isolate itself from its international military and political partners. This decline in access to hard power was counteracted by the introduction of the Russian private military company the Wagner Group, with its alleged heavy ties to the Kremlin.

The European Union must show it can monitor how legal frameworks and institutions function in practice, and maintain pressure on a member state to implement long-lasting democratic reforms – this will send an important message about upholding the rule of law to all European Union member states, and even the candidate ones.

What sort of trajectory have contemporary Japan-Haiti relations followed, and which factors have defined their development?

Violence against protesters would peak in the second half of 2022 with the death of Mahsa Amini. Ms Amini was arrested on September 13 for not adhering to Iran’s strict dress code.

Switzerland’s system of conscription has been enshrined in the Constitutions since the establishment of the federal state in 1848, which reads “each Swiss is subject to conscription”. In other words, military service to the state and the concept of a “citizen-soldier”, is as old as the country itself.

Since 2017, Cameroon has been plagued by a deadly conflict linked to the roots of early colonialism headed by the French and British governments