Estonia should respond to challenges as they emerge. Currently, Estonia is grappling not with an imminent Russian attack, but with public perceptions of security and their susceptibility to political manipulation — a factor that can enhance the effectiveness of Estonian response should the threat of Russian invasion materialise.

The most extreme variant of war termination was embodied in the unconditional surrender of the leading Axis powers during World War II. However, outcomes that see an opponent’s state fully taken under the victor’s control are rare. Far more common are conflicts fought to secure limited objectives that end with diplomatic settlements. But in a modern environment, even wars with constrained ambitions are increasingly challenging to end. The ongoing conflict in Iran is a reminder that modern interstate wars increasingly continue long after the supposedly decisive battle is over.

Across nearly two decades, Egypt’s response to religious and ideological dissent has evolved from isolated prosecutions into a coordinated network of control and suppression.

In World War II, the United States built a western Pacific airfield here, another there, and more elsewhere, each intended to bring more Japanese targets into range. Now the abundance of old bases is becoming a resource for resilience: several are being brought back into service as places to disperse aircraft and to maintain operations even as other airfields are knocked out.

While the tonal change in the content of the new NDS compared to its predecessors is undeniable, the substance is far from radical. Although such strategies and similar documents are not prescriptive to administration decisions, they do guide the planning that shapes day-to-day White House policy options and act to signals to allies and parters. In this context, it should be regarded as less of a historical break than some headlines suggest.

Understand Greenland’s security architecture requires first realizing its value – its strategic geography. Forming both the northern end of the Greenland – Iceland – UK (GIUK) Gap, and serving as the northern-most point of the American continent, Greenland has been significant for early-warning and radar-tracking, able to detect threats transiting over the Arctic before reaching Canada and the United States

Operation Southern Spear ultimately reveals a significant and unsettling expansion of US force beyond established limits of international law. By classifying drug trafficking as an armed attack and presenting enforcement measures as acts of self-defence, the Trump administration has eroded the distinction between law enforcement and warfare.

Russia’s Sakhalin-II project has been used to supply around 10% of Japan’s liquefied natural gas (LNG). In contrast to Western states’ extensive sanctions against Russian energy infrastructure projects such as Nord Stream in Europe, the US has very recently extended Sakhalin-II’s import permit, allowing it to continue LNG supplies to Japan.

Space has already been militarized and is actively being weaponized. Multilateral efforts at establishing space-based rules of behavior are faltering. And though so far only non-destructive capabilities have been deployed in space, physical acts are imminent, should geopolitics on Earth continue to degrade.

That the PRC’s propaganda is now pivoting towards deterring China’s partners is no surprise, as the PLA has long recognized the ability to deter or defeat U.S. intervention attempts as central to any military effort to take Taiwan.