Despite genocide not having been committed in the state, widespread, systemic and targeted crimes against humanity have been committed by all sides to the conflict.

In 2023 there will be general elections in Nigeria and the current President continuously states that security in the country will be established before handing over power. Already now a year before the elections, it can be discussed whether security, or lack there off, can affect the very happening of such elections.

The most likely and effective solution to the situation in Sudan and for the security of the civil population is pressure from the international community. This can happen through sanctions, though these should be carefully targeted, so they spare the civil population as far as possible.

Jihadist groups are constantly becoming more decentralized in nature but also asymmetrical in their approaches, including through online propaganda and recruiting. In that sense, an event in one country can easily affect another, especially when it comes to affecting the mindsets of others.

While Burkina Faso has not in more recent times witnessed classic civil wars like other West African states, there are many similar traits between the current situation and a civil war with several groups including the government fighting internally.

Violence has continued in the country despite crackdowns from government forces, and due to Chad’s strategic position in the region there are potential spill-over effects following this change in the degree of internal stability in Chad which will affect the region as a whole.

Local peace negotiations such as the ones between Fulani and Dogon can contribute to peace building plans as they often provide a comprehensive insight into the roots of the problems.

Located in West Africa, Guinea-Bissau, with its 1.8 million people, constitutes what has for many years been a fragile state located in between Senegal and Guinea. Beside the overshadowing problem of not being able to sustain a stable governing system, the country is struggling with networks of drug trafficking – a problem that is not new, but has proven hard to combat in the given security context.

With water scarcity in some highly populated regions projected to increase over the coming decades, some have argued that wars over access to and control of water may become some of the most common, most devastating conflicts of the 21st century.

The Japanese military presence in the Horn of Africa commenced in 2009, when two Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force (JMSDF) destroyers were dispatched to the region to participate in counterpiracy operations following an emergency order from the cabinet. In 2011, in order to facilitate this, Japan Self-Defence Force (JSDF) Base Djibouti was established.