Despite genocide not having been committed in the state, widespread, systemic and targeted crimes against humanity have been committed by all sides to the conflict.

The new military government under the control of Min Aung Hlaing has committed widespread atrocities against those who protested against the takeover, including the use of water cannons, live gunfire and rubber bullets

Overall, the state of women’s rights in Afghanistan over the past 7 months has been nothing short of a reversal to pre-2001 Taliban ideology. Not all hope is lost, but promises from the Taliban to employ a new system that will supposedly uphold women’s rights is yet to be seen.

Cuba is still recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic and the problems it brought with it. However, the Cuban government will now also have to work to improve relations with its citizens as the recent events have shown the public that Cuba’s government cannot be trusted and is not acting with the people’s best interest in mind.

With all areas considered, there is no doubt that the Remain in Mexico policy is a multi-layered, flagrant violation of a multitude of international documents. While immigration is a touchy issue in the current political climate, the enforcement of migration laws need not be this harsh.

West Papua has been a territory of Indonesia since it was annexed by the Southeast Asian country in 1962. Before then, it was a Dutch colony and has been a UN Trust territory. However, West Papuans have continuously agitated for independence on the basis of their distinct ethnic, cultural and religious diversity to the majority of Indonesia.

West Papua is not recognised by the UN to be a Non-Self-Governing Territory (NSGT). However, there have been ongoing violent and passive protests and movements calling for independence.

The Charter of the United Nations, signed in 1945, is the constitutive instrument of the organisation, which provides for the powers invested in different bodies within the UN. However, the language is – as with most UN documents – aspirational, and its often vague nature is conducive to broad interpretations.

Under international law, treaties and instruments create an obligation for States to decolonise foreign territories. Yet despite this comprehensive body of law prohibiting colonisation (both outright and as a consequence of its effect on the right to self-determination and sovereignty), there are still cases in modern geopolitics where one State is an imperial power over a foreign territory.

Despite being an important part of our societies with a great potential for fostering peace, youth voices often remain unheard, especially in multilateral settings. Peace and security issues were dealt with, thought through, and discussed only among senior experts until recently.